|
|
|
|
 |
- Focar (Adancime 5-700 km)
- Epicentru
- Deformatii in roci – elastice, plastice, frecari,
fracturi
- Falii
- Placi tectonice – rift, subductie
- Unde seismice (P, S, L, R)
- Mediul de propagare – neomogen si anizotro
 Soluri
cu material sedimentar – deplasari si amplitudini mari
Soluri
cu roci dure – deplasari si amplitudini mici
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Frecventa 15-25 Hz
- Amplitudinea 10-6 m – 1 m
- Energia transportata – pana la 1018 J
- Unde de volum
Unda P
– longitudinala (v=7-13 Km/h, A=3-5cm)
Compresii
si destinderi
Unda S
– transversala (v=4 - 7 Km/h)
Oscilatii
transversale
- Unde de suprafata (v=2 - 3 Km/h) – se formeaza din
interferenta undelor P si S
Unda L
- Love - transversala
Unda R
- Rayleigh – tranversala si longitudinala
- Simulare Encarta
|
|
| |
|
|
|
- Teoria tectonicii globale
Cutremure
tectonice
Cutremure
vulcanice
Placi tectonice
Zone de
rift
Zone de
subductie
- Activitati umane
Injectarea
de fluide in sol
Rezervoare
de apa subterane
Teste nucleare
(pina la Mag. 6)
- Cauze externe – meteoriti, comete
- Cutremure continentale
- Cutremure marine ->tsunami
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
- Seismografe (masoara deplasarile, vitezele si acceleratia
solului)
3 seismografe
inregistreaza deplasarile dupa 3 axe perpendiculare
Simulare
inregistrare seismica – foaia de hartie
- Scala de intensitate macroseismica – Mercalli –
energia degajata la suprafata
- Scala Richter – magnitudine – energia degajata
in focar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scara Mercalli
|
Descriere – energia degajata in punctul
de observatie |
| 1 |
Microseisme inregistarte doar de aparate |
| 2 |
Cutremure slabe simtite de oameni sensibili
in stare de repaus |
| 3 |
Cutremure slabe simtite de cei mai multi oameni
in repaus |
| 4 |
Cutremure moderate simtite de oameni in miscare
si in timpul lucrului |
| 5 |
Cutremure simtite de toata lumea, trezesc
din somn persoanele sensibile. Lampile si pendulele oscileaza. |
| 6 |
Cutremure tari: oamenii se trezesc din somn,
clopotele suna, copacii fosnesc |
| 7 |
Cutremure foarte tari: se rastoarne obiecte
se produc fisuri in zidarie |
| 8 |
Cutremure distrugatoare: cosurile de pe cladiri
se prabusesc, peretii crapa etc |
| 9 |
Se darima cladirile mai slabesi parti mai
putin rezistente ale constructiilor |
| 10 |
Cele mai multe cladiri sunt distuse din temeliisau
capata avarii importante, se produc crapaturi si falii in
scoarta terestra, apa din rauri si lacuri se revarsa |
| 11 |
Cladirile sunt disturse, se rup diguri, se
produc crapaturi in scoarta prin care apar izvoare, au loc
devieri ale apelor curgatoare, alunecari de teren si avariiale
cailor de transport |
| 12 |
Mare catastrofa seismica: nu mai rezista nici
o lucrare facuta de om, se darama stinci, se produc devieri
ale raurilor si fluviilor |
|
|
|
|
|
- Scara Richter – scara magnitudinilor
Masoara
energia degajata in focar
Magnitudinea
M se calculeaza din inregistrari experimentale
M=lg(A/T)-lg(A0/T0)
M-magnitudinea
A-componenta
orizontala a amplitudinii maxime a deplasarii solului
T-perioada
A0-componenta
orizontala a amplitudinii maxime a deplasarii solului pentru
un cutremur etalon
T0-perioada
pentru un cutremur etalon
vM=0.67lg(E)-2.9
M-magnitudinea
E-energia
degajata in focar
|
|
Definitia
magnitudinii locale Richter
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Istoria cutremurelor – pierderi umane - Magnitudine
Data Locatia Pierderi umane Mag.
526 May
20 Syria, Antioch 250,000 (N.A.)
1057 …
China, Chihli 25,000
1268 …
Asia Minor, Cilicia 60,000
1290 Sept.
27 China, Chihli 100,000
1293 May
20 Japan, Kamakura 30,000
1531 Jan.
26 Portugal, Lisbon 30,000
1556 Jan.
24 China, Shaanxi 830,000
1667 Nov.
Caucasia, Shemaka 80,000
1693 Jan.
11 Italy, Catania 60,000
1730 Dec.
30 Japan, Hokkaid 137,000
1737 Oct.
11 India, Calcutta 300,000
1755 June
7 Northern Persia 40,000
1755 Nov.
1 Portugal, Lisbon 60,000 8.75*
1783 Feb.
4 Italy, Calabria 30,000 (N.A.)
1797 Feb.
4 Ecuador, Quito 41,000
1811-12
New Madrid, Mo. (series) -- 8.7*
1822 Sept.
5 Asia Minor, Aleppo 22,000
1828 Dec.
28 Japan, Echigo 30,000
1868 Aug.
13-15 Peru and Ecuador 40,000
1875 May
16 Venezuela, Colombia 16,000
1896 June
15 Japan, sea wave 27,120 (N.A.)
1906 Apr.
18-19 San Francisco, Cal. 503 8.3
1906 Aug.
16 Chile, Valparaiso 20,000 8.6
1908 Dec.
28 Italy, Messina 83,000 7.5
1915 Jan.
13 Italy, Avezzano 29,980 7.5
1920 Dec.
16 China, Gansu 100,000 8.6
1923 Sept.
1 Japan, Yokohama 200,000 8.3
1927 May
22 China, Nan-Shan 200,000 8.3
1932 Dec.
26 China, Gansu 70,000 7.6
1933 Mar.
2 Japan 2,990 8.9
1933 Mar.
10 Long Beach, Cal. 115 6.2
1934 Jan.
15 India, Bihar-Nepal 10,700 8.4
1935 May
31 India, Quetta 50,000 7.5
1939 Jan.
24 Chile, Chillan 28,000 8.3
1939 Dec.
26 Turkey, Erzincan 30,000 7.9
1946 Dec.
21 Japan, Honshu 2,000 8.4
1948 June
28 Japan, Fukui 5,131 7.3
1949 Aug.
5 Ecuador, Pelileo 6,000 6.8
1950 Aug.
15 India, Assam 1,530 8.7
1953 Mar.
18 NW Turkey 1,200 7.2
1956 June
10-17 N. Afghanistan 2,000 7.7
1957 July
2 Northern Iran 2,500 7.4
1957 Dec.
13 Western Iran 2,000 7.1
1960 May
21-30 Southern Chile 5,000 8.3
1962 Sept.
1 Northwestern Iran 12,230 7.1
1963 July
26 Yugoslavia, Skopje 1,100 6.0
1964 Mar.
27 Alaska 131 8.4
1966 Aug.
19 Eastern Turkey 2,520 6.9
1968 Aug.
31 Northeastern Iran 12,000 7.4
1970 Jan.
5 Yunnan Province, China 10,000 7.7
1970 Mar.
28 Western Turkey 1,086 7.4
1970 May
31 Northern Peru 66,794 7.7
1971 Feb.
9 San Fernando Valley, Cal.65 6.6
1972 Apr.
10 Southern Iran 5,057 6.9
1974 Dec.
28 Pakistan (9 towns) 5,200 6.3
1975 Sept.
6 Turkey (Lice, etc.) 2,312 6.8
1976 Feb.
4 Guatemala 22,778 7.5
1976 May
6 Northeast Italy 946 6.5
1976 June
26 New Guinea, Irian Jaya 443 7.1
1976 July
28 China, Tangshan 242,000 8.2
1976 Aug.
17 Philippines, Mindanao 8,000 7.8
1976 Nov.
24 E. Turkey 4,000 7.9
1977 Mar.
4 Romania 1,541 7.5
1977 Aug.
19 Indonesia 200 8.0
1977 Nov.
23 Northwestern Argentina 100 8.2
1978 June
12 Japan, Sendai 21 7.5
1978 Sept.
16 Northeast Iran 25,000 7.7
1979 Sept.
12 Indonesia 100 8.1
1979 Dec.
12 Colombia, Ecuador 800 7.9
1980 Oct.
10 Northwestern Algeria 4,500 7.3
1980 Nov.
23 Southern Italy 4,800 7.2
1982 Dec.
13 North Yemen 2,800 6.0
1983 Mar.
31 Southern Colombia 250 5.5
1983 May
26 N. Honshu, Japan 81 7.7
1983 Oct.
30 Eastern Turkey 1,300 7.1
1985 Mar.
3 Chile 146 7.8
1985 Sept.19,21
Mexico City 4,200+ 8.1
1987 Mar.
5-6 NE Ecuador 4,000+ 7.3
1988 Aug.
20 India/Nepal border 1,000+ 6.5
1988 Nov.
6 China/Burma border 1,000 7.3
1988 Dec.
7 NW Armenia 55,000+ 6.8
1989 Oct.
17 San Francisco Bay area 62 6.9
1990 May
30 Romania 8 6.5
1990 June
21 NW Iran 40,000+ 7.7
|
|
|
|
|
- Cutremure in zona Vrancea
Cauza:
subductie microplaca Marii Negre intra sub placa Europei Centrale
Cutremure
de adancime ~ 100 km
Degajare
de energie maxima pe directia NE-SV – falii pericarpatice
4 martie
1977 ; M=7.5 ; 1541 morti
- Cutremure in Banat
Cauza:
scufundarea lenta a Campiei Banatului
|
|
|
|
|
- Distrugeri
- Pierderi de vieti omenesti
- Incendii
- Tsunami
- Inundatii
- Pierderi economice
- Boli
- Lipsa de hrana si apa
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pregatirea pentru
cutremure
|
|
- Proiectarea constructiilor seismice
Rezonanta
Perioada
proprie de oscilatie cladire (0.1-2.5s)
Perioada
unda seismica
- Structura solului
|
|
|
Daca doriti sa aflati
mai multe
|
|
- CD-ROM
Encarta
Earthquakes
- Software
- Pagini web
Romania
USA
Japan
Pagina
web a scolii – Proiecte 12A - 2002
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
