The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920

Materials from the General Collection and Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress


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The Library of Congress's General Collection and Rare Book and Special Collections Division are represented in this collection by 60 books and pamphlets, most in searchable text as well as page-image form. These works have been chosen for this collection from among the several million volumes in these divisions of the Library because they particularly illuminate the spectrum of themes, issues, and influences that defined American conservationism in its formative years: the major theoretical and philosophical statements that shaped conservationists' thought and feeling; the evolution of conservation policy and the growth of conservation awareness in the public mind, including the importance of such correlative issues as public lands management, forestry, Western irrigation, and the development of inland waterways, and the role of public activities such as Arbor Day observance; the potent literary and aesthetic currents that re-imagined the natural world as a source of recreation, contemplation, sensuous enjoyment, sympathetic moral tutelage, and spiritual inspiration, and the ramification of this cultural sensibility in a variety of modes from popular nature and travel literature to the invention of national parks; the related growth of popular interest in birds and other wildlife and their protection; the critical role of patrician sportsmen and other private individuals as conservation advocates, notably through the establishment of private organizations espousing game and wilderness preservation; and the definitive influence of science and technology, whether in geographic exploration, natural resource management, formative developments in ecology and conservation-related biology, or in the first stirrings of concern to gauge and manage the impact of environmental pollution on human welfare. The significance of conservation policy developments at the state level is exemplified in a case file of documents on New York's efforts to preserve the beauty of Niagara Falls; while a small archive of material documenting the Hetch Hetchy controversy exposes the strengths and contradictions of the American conservation movement as it reached its first maturity and patterned its identities for the century to come.

The collection also includes two bibliographies compiled in 1912--one by the Library of Congress, the other by the Department of the Interior--that direct the reader to a full range of contemporary material on natural resource conservation and on the national parks, much of which is still accessible to researchers in the collections of the Library of Congress and elsewhere. Additional bibliographies of Library resources related to early conservation history are appended below.

The following is a topically-organized list of materials included in this collection that have been drawn from the Library's General Collection and Rare Book and Special Collections Division:

1. CONTEMPORARY BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Dept. of the Interior. List of National Park Publications. 1912.

Library of Congress. Select List of References on the Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States. 1912.

2. CONSERVATION POLICY AND PUBLIC EDUCATION
Gregory, Mary Huston. Checking the Waste: A Study in Conservation. 1911.

Van Hise, Charles Richard. The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States. 1910.

3. CONSERVATION POLICY: CONFERENCES, COMMISSIONS AND CONGRESSES
Addresses and Proceedings of the First National Conservation Congress. 1909.

Proceedings of a Conference of Governors in the White House, Washington, D.C., May 13-15, 1908. 1909.

Fernow, Bernhard. Economics of Forestry. 1902.

Hough, Franklin B. On the Duty of Governments in the Preservation of Forests. 1873.

5. NATIONAL PARKS
64th Congress, 1st Session (Apr. 5-6, 1916). Hearing before the Committee on the Public Lands... on H.R. 434 and H.R. 8668, Bills to Establish a National Park Service. 1916.

Langford, Nathaniel P. Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1872. 1873.

Muir, John. Our National Parks. 1901.

Proceedings of the National Park Conference Held in the Auditorium of the New National Museum, Washington, D.C.... 1917. 1917.

6. IRRIGATION
Powell, J[ohn] W[esley]. Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States. 1879.

Smythe, William E. The Conquest of Arid America. 1900.

7. INLAND WATERWAYS
Quick, Herbert. American Inland Waterways. 1909.

8. PUBLIC LANDS
Proceedings of the Public Land Convention held in Denver, Colorado, June 18, 19, 20, 1907. 1907.

Report of the Public Lands Commission. 1905.

9. WILDLIFE, BIRDS, AND THEIR PROTECTION
Hornaday, William T. The Extermination of the American Bison.... 1889.

Hornaday, William Temple. Our Vanishing Wild Life: Its Extermination and Preservation. 1913.

Wright, Mabel Osgood, and Elliott Coues, with illus. by L.A. Fuertes. Citizen Bird: Scenes from Bird-Life in Plain English for Beginners. 1897.

10. ARBOR DAYS
Egleston, N[athaniel] H[illyer]. Arbor Day Leaves. 1893.

11. POLLUTION CONTROL AND "HUMAN CONSERVATION"
Flagg, Samuel B. City Smoke Ordinances and Smoke Abatement. 1912.

Richards, Ellen H. Conservation by Sanitation. 1911.

12. PRIVATE CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS
Publications of the Sierra Club, nos. 1, 2, and 3: Articles of Association...[etc.]; Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 1; Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 2; 1892-1893.

Publications of the Sierra Club, no. 20: Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. III, No. 1, 1900 (Joseph Le Conte, Ramblings Through the High Sierra).

13. SPORTSMEN AS CONSERVATIONISTS
Grinnell, G.B., ed. American Big Game In Its Haunts: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club. 1904.

14. SCENIC AND TRAVEL WRITING
Bowles, Samuel. Our New West. Records of Travel Between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. 1869.

Hammond, Samuel H. Wild Northern Scenes; or, Sporting Adventures with the Rifle and Rod. 1857.

King, Clarence. Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada. 1902.

Table Rock Album and Sketches of the Falls and Scenery Adjacent. 1850.

15. LITERARY AND AESTHETIC ATTITUDES
Austin, Mary. The Land of Little Rain. 1903.

Magoon, Elias Lyman, et al. The Home Book of the Picturesque. 1852.

Van Dyke, John Charles. The Mountain: Renewed Studies in Impressions and Appearances. 1916.

16. POPULAR NATURE WRITING
Burroughs, John. In the Catskills. 1910.

Sharp, Dallas Lore. The Lay of the Land. 1908.

Thompson, Ernest Seton. Wild Animals I Have Known, and 200 Drawings. 1898.

17. SCIENTIFIC AND MILITARY EXPLORATION
Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton. Discovery of the Yosemite and the Indian War of 1851, Which Led to That Event. 1892.

Dutton, Clarence E[dward]. The Physical Geography of the Grand Canon District. 1882.

18. ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION-RELATED BIOLOGY
Clements, Frederic E. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. 1916.

Forbes, Stephen A., and Robert Earle Richardson. Some Recent Changes in Illinois River Biology. 1919.

19. THEORETICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS
Bailey, L[iberty] H[yde]. The Holy Earth. 1915.

Marsh, George P[erkins]. Address Delivered before the Agricultural Society of Rutland County, Sept. 30, 1847. 1848.

Marsh, George P[erkins]. Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. 1864.

Muir, John. The Mountains of California. 1894.

Muir, John. My First Summer in the Sierra. 1911.

Pinchot, Gifford. The Fight for Conservation. 1910.

Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate. Man and the Earth. 1905.

Thoreau, Henry D[avid]. Excursions. 1863.

20. STATE-LEVEL CONSERVATION EFFORTS: THE NEW YORK NIAGARA EXAMPLE
Carter, James C[oolidge]. The Reservation of Niagara. An Address Delivered at the Celebration of the Opening of the Niagara Reservation. 1885.

Harrison, J[onathan] B[axter]. The Condition of Niagara Falls, and the Measures Needed to Preserve Them. Eight Letters Published in the New York Evening Post, the New York Tribune, and the Boston Daily Advertiser, during the Summer of 1882. 1882.

New York (State) Commissioners of State Reservation at Niagara. Supplemental Report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara. Transmitted to the Legislature Jan. 31, 1887. 1887.

New York (State) Survey. Special Report of New York State Survey on the Preservation of the Scenery of Niagara Falls. 1880.

21. THE HETCH HETCHY CONTROVERSY
Branson, Isaac Reichelderfer. Yosemite Against Corporation Greed; Shall Half of Yosemite National Park be destroyed by San Francisco?. 1909.

Granting Use of Hetch Hetchy to City of San Francisco. Report of the House Committee on the Public Lands, February 8, 1909. 1909.

Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Site. Hearing before the Senate Committee on Public Lands, 1913. 1913.

Hetch Hetchy Dam Site. Two Hearings before the House Committee on the Public Lands, 1913. 1913.

Muir, John. Let Everyone Help to Save the Famous Hetch-Hetchy Valley and Stop the Commercial Destruction Which Threatens Our National Parks. 1911?

San Francisco and the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. Hearing held before the Committee on the Public Lands of the House of Representatives, December 16, 1908, on H.J. Res. 184. 1908.

Vilas, Martin S. Water and Power for San Francisco from Hetch-Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. 1915.

Those who are able to visit the Library in person may also be interested in some of the General Collection's and Rare Book and Special Collections Division's many additional resources on the early history of American conservationism and its cultural matrix, as suggested by the titles on the following lists:

1. Scenic and Wilderness Travel Literature
2. The Nature Essay
3. Popular Ornithology
4. Sportsmen and Conservationism
5. State-Level Fish and Game Conservation Measures
6. Arbor and Bird Day Observance
7. Nature and Wilderness as Recreational Resources
8. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy
9. State-Level Conservation Initiatives Following the Governors' Conference of 1908
10. Juvenile Nature Literature and Nature Pedagogy



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