| Aquaculture |
Status of
activity |
Socio-economic
factors |
Environmental/biotic
impacts |
Other
problems |
Operational
targets |
| Lagoon aquaculture |
Well developed in many countries for mussel, mullet culture |
Important local source of food, income and employment;
especially for fishermen displaced by stock collapse |
Regulations governing production density must be introduced in relation
to eutrophication caused by waste products/feed |
A high proportion of lagoons are suffering from
pollution, and will need to be rehabilitated Quality control measures must be introduced
for testing possibility of contamination |
Rehabilitation of lagoons will increase significantly potential earnings
from the fishery and wildlife sectors. Candidate lagoons should be chosen in Black Sea
countries for test application |
| Open Sea aquaculture |
Cage culture of Atlantic salmon and sea trout is occurring in Turkish
waters |
This development logically evolved during a period of
high availability of fish meal, which may be problematic in the future |
Probably impacts lower than in lagoons, but needs control. High summer
temperatures may lead to die off of salmonids in summer: may be possibilities for other
species such as turbot, where technology has been developed |
Engineering approaches needed to design of facilities
surviving under different sea states Access rights to facilities must be protected
legally |
Pilot scale applications of existing technologies will be useful.
Economic analysis of feasibility with reduced local production of fish meal should be
carried out first |
| Hatcheries and sea
ranching |
Currently well developed in Russia, mainly for sturgeon species, with
some experimental rearing of exotics such as haarder/sea bass/sea trout, where there have
been attempts to establish viable populations |
Sturgeons are a major source of revenue in the northern
basin. There has however been insufficient replacement of state control of illegal
harvests: poaching needs to be severely controlled |
Hatcheries present potential problems of genetic contamination of wild
stocks, and should not be promoted in preference to spawning stream rehabilitation |
Jurisdictional problems as to harvests of fish coming
from hatchery or lagoon to Black Sea need to be addressed in relation to economic
expenditures incurred In the case of consideration of exotic strains of various species
for sea ranching, the feasibility of production and release of sterile (e.g. hybrid)
juveniles for subsequent recapture could be usefully investigated |
International agreement of Black Sea countries will be needed to support
rights to harvest hatchery produced fish in the sea |
| Shellfish culture |
Mussel and oyster culture has been developed: technological problems of
application to open sea conditions have been solved |
Mussels are used for food/pharmaceuticals and poultry
feeds. As such contribute to local economy and tourist industry |
Can play an important role in water depuration (suspended solids): could
be used in lagoon depuration. However, quality control needs to be maintained against
contamination by toxic man-made chemicals and toxic shellfish blooms. Densities must be
regulated to avoid accumulation of anoxic conditions from pseudofaecal accumulation |
Consumer acceptance and markets for aquaculture
products will have to be established in some countries |
Further exploration of marketing possibilities for consumption of mussels
in Black Sea region Pilot scale application and economic feasibility studies of
suspended mussel or seaweed culture for treatment of eutrophic lagoons (for use as animal
feeds or industrial use) |
